Database Management System vs Information Retrieval System :: IT Essays

1. Differentiate Between Database Management System And Information Retrieval System By Focusing On Their Functionalities. Database Management System According to Modern Database Management eight edition, by Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Mary B. Prescott and Fred R. McFadden database management system (DBMS) is define as a software system that is used to create, maintain, and provide controlled access to user databases. Support Concurrent Updates Concurrent updates occur when various users make updates to the database at the same time. Supporting concurrent updates is also critical to database management as this component ensures that updates are made appropriately and the end result is precise. Without DBMS interference important data could be lost and or imprecise data stored. DBMS uses features to bear concurrent updates such as batch processing, locking, two-phase locking, and time stamping to help make certain that updates are done correctly. Again, the user is not alert all this is incident as it is the database management system’s liability to make sure all updates are stored appropriately Recovery of Data In the event a misfortune occurs, DBMS must offer ways to pull through a database so that data is not eternally lost. There are times computers may break down, a fire or other natural disaster may occur, or a user may enter inaccurate information invalidating or making records conflicting If the database is cracked or spoiled in any way, the DBMS must be able to recover the correct state of the database, and this process is called Recovery. The easiest way to do this is to make standard backups of information. This can be done at a set controlled time so in the event a catastrophe occurs, the database can be restored to the state that it was last at prior to backup. Security Security is the avoidance of illegal users accessing the database. DBMS uses features such as encryption, authentication, authorization and views to provide security to the database. Encryption is when DBMS converts the data in a database to an unreadable format. No illegal person trying to access this information will be able to read it. Authorized users will be able to see it in normal form. Authentication is a technique in which the database officer can identify the person accessing the database. Authorized users are given passwords and successful entry of a legitimate password will allow the user entry into the database, if a password is not effectively entered, the user will be denied access. Authorization is a set of rules that the database administrator (DBA) sets up to specify levels of practice that individuals or groups are allowed to have.

Soil Formation Under Desert Pavements Essay -- Geology Topography Pape

Soil Formation Under Desert Pavements Desert pavements are common landforms in arid regions. They consist of flat or sloping surfaces where stones are closely packed angular or rounded, and generally exhibit low relief (Mabbutt, 1977). Pavements tend to form on both alluvial fan toposequences and on weathering volcanic flow fields in arid regions. Soils are often found under desert pavements and they play an important role in the evolution of pavements (McFadden et. al., 1987). In the past there have been several theories as to the formation pavements and soil development beneath them. Deflation, or the erosion of finer grained particles from a surface, stone concentration by wash erosion and upward displacement of stone due to shrink and swell clay characteristics were at one time believed to be the main factors in the formation of desert pavements (Mabbutt, 1977). However, more recent research has shown that desert pavements are born and maintained at the surface, and that the soil below them is mainly eolian in origin . Slow accretion of eolian dust below the pavement is a process that eventually develops cumulate horizons. Eolian dust in environments where pavements often develop is rich in carbonate salts and clays due to the fact it often originates from nearby playa lake evaporate basins (McFadden et. al., 1987). Soils that form below the pavements over time develop calcic horizons and clay rich structure due to the influx of these eolian fines through the pavement surface. In turn the development of mature or plugged calcic horizons effects the form of the pavement surface because it alters the water drainage infiltration rate and causes pavements to decline. Desert Pavements Desert pavements form in several di... ...cFadden, Leslie D., 1988, Climatic Influences on rates and processes of soil development in Quaternary deposits of Southern California: Geological Society of America Special Paper 216, p. 153-175 Mc Fadden, L. D., Wells, S. G., and Jercinovich, M. J., 1987, Influence of eolian and pedogenic processes on the origin and evolution of desert pavements: Geology, v.15, p. 504-508. Ritter, Process Geomorphology Wells, Stephen G., Dohrenwend, John C., McFadden, Leslie D., Turrin, Brent D., and Mahrer, Kenneth D., 1985, Late Cenezoic evolution on Lava Flow surfaces of the Cima volcanic field, Mojave Desert, California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 96, p. 1518-1529. Wells, Stephen. G., and Mc Fadden, Leslie D., 1995, Cosmogenic 3He surface-exposure dating of stone pavements: Implications for landscape evolution in deserts: Geology, v. 23, p. 613-16.

Between the Wars

The event that had significant impacts during the interlude between the First and Second World Wars would be the Great Depression. The effect of this financial crisis, not only in the United States but also in other parts of the world, was apparent both in the domestic front and in the international community. The Great Depression started during the late 1920s and would stretch until the next decade. This historical turning-point was triggered by Black Tuesday, which was the day when the stock markets had a major downturn.(Rothbard, 2000) The impact of this event, both positive and negative, was massive indeed as the country was forced into a state of great recession and then reassessment of economic and social policies. (Mcelvain, 1993) In the ground level, the people experienced difficulties, as employment becomes scarce, thereby leading to poverty and hunger, which was prevalent during that decade. The citizens in the grassroots were the ones that was most affected, for the depres sion was deeply felt by everyone.The length, lasting 10 years, was overwhelming indeed; the extent of the crisis was equally devastating. The agriculture and primary sectors industries experienced economic slumps even bankruptcies, which in turn burdened the people whose wages declined and employment opportunities disappeared. The end of this Great Depression coincided with the start of the Second World War. The implication of the financial crisis was not only social but also political, as policies were forced to be reassessed and eventually changed.The New Deal policy was a result of the crisis. Also, government officials debated the liberal policies in economics, as many abandoned liberal economics, and advocated more protectionist policies. The impact of the Great Depression is far-reaching and vast, as it is political, social and economic. References Mcelvaine, Robert. (1993). The Great Depression: America 1929-1941. United States: Three Rivers Press. Rothbard, Murray. (2000). A merica’s Great Depression. United States: Ludwig Von Mises Institute.

The anesthesia technician & technologist’s manual: All you need to know for study and reference Essay

Improvements of Anesthesia Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From nineteenth century, there have been important and continuous improvements in the field of medicine in United States, particularly in discovery of microorganisms as the root cause of disease and anesthesia. The improvements have been of great importance in facilitating effective, convenient, and safest methods of treatment. The paper below discusses anesthesia improvements, and importance of its improvement in treatment. Improvements of anesthesia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The direct use of volatile anesthetics and intense cold were the most important steps in anesthesia in nineteenth century. The steps were used in surgical sites during treatment of traumatic injuries. This was possible by bringing down local temperature of body tissues by the application of salt and ice during the surgeon. However, to estimate the cold projection was extremely complex when using salt and ice. This gave rise to new techniques such as topical application of Dutch oil and vaporization of ether and ethylene chloride by fumigation and spraying. Since then, there was continuous discovery of more anesthetic liquids such as amyl hydrate and vaginal Dutch. Having improved the anesthetic liquids, there was a major challenge in obstruction of sprays used. As a result, there came need to improve the jet, which was possible by designing different systems of nozzles. Almost to the end of the century, some medical practitioners recommend ed the improvements best for surgeon but many individual called for alternative approach, especially in minor surgery (Walter, 2014).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All the way from 19th century to transition into the twentieth century, there have been many improvements of anesthesia care (Woodworth, 2012). For instance, the common practice discussed above changed by introduction of cocaine around 1884.Later in 1934, the sodium Pentothal was introduced for intravenous anesthetic administration. Despite its many challenges associated with its negative side effects when administered to some patients, it remained the most effective until 1977 when Dr.Brian Kay introduced muscle relaxants and rubber endotracheal tubes. In 1980s, pulse oximetry and end tidal CO2 were introduced that facilitated EKG monitoring. Use of the improvement in medical practice today   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some of above discussed improvements are still used across the United States. For instance, the improvement of EKG monitoring makes it possible to manage neuromuscular blockade .In addition, the use of muscle relaxants and rubber endotracheal tubes makes it easy for anesthesiologists to monitor the condition of the patient .The monitoring of the patients’ condition primarily involves checking of blood pressure as well as pulse rate. Being able to process EEG measurement, end tidal CO2 and pulse oximetry have made it possible to quantify the depth of anesthesia. The monitoring incorporated with some of discussed advances has led into the best anesthetic practice by improving patient’s safety.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Indisputably, there is significant from the use of advances though some of the anesthetic practices used today for surgery have changed tremendously. Unfortunately, while bringing the changes in transformation of anesthesia surgery, the dramatic change in body knowledge and skills developed from the improvements has resulted to inseparable and complex medical disciplines. Future developments in anesthesia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aside from the above important improvements discussed such as introduction of pulse oximeter in aesthesia practices in United States today, there are many cases of mortality and morbidity in anesthesia. It is therefore obvious that the discoveries are not the â€Å"end of the road† but the push to new heights .However, with improved, optimal, and creative anesthetic management evident in United States ,there is hope of continued improvement to develop most safer and effective anesthesia practices while cutting down the pressure from medical economics. This will only be possible if anesthesiologists rise to the challenge. References Walter. (2014). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482821/puerperal-fever Woodworth, G., & Kirsch, J. (2012).  The anesthesia technician & technologist’s manual: All you need to know for study and reference. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Source document

Explore Anita Desais intensely evocative, descriptive style in Studies in the Park Essay

Anita Desai is a world renowned, Indian novelist and short-story writer. ‘Studies in the Park’ is merely one of her vast collection of short-stories, however, it is one of the most expressive stories, and it also conveys Anita Desai’s immensely communicative style of writing. ‘Studies in the Park’ is set in the late 1970’s, in contemporary India. It talks about a young boy, Suno, who is determined to do well in his exams that are a few months away. He is frequently pressurised by his parents, to study hard, and do well. However he is constantly disturbed by the repeated noise, and cannot study. He decides to go to a nearby park, which turns out to be an ideal location for him to study. The pressure that is mounted on him slowly starts to rise as the exams approach, this in turn, results in him becoming a workaholic: eventually his whole life revolves around his studies. He then sees a life changing vision that completely transforms his perspect ive of life. ‘Studies in the Park’ contains various descriptions, and images that enables the true message of the story to be brought out. The story begins with the line â€Å"-Turn it off, turn it off†¦What next, my god† this line evidently depicts the irritability that Suno is experiencing. This example is a perfect case in which Desai uses a very evocative stream of consciousness to illustrate emotion. This story is written in first person, and because of this Anita Desai is able to express true emotion and sentiment, as shown in the example above. In the line â€Å"So I raced out of my room†, Anita Desai indicates that Suno, the protagonist, is annoyed and cannot bear his surroundings anymore. This example is a typical instance where Anita Desai utilises first person, to portray an emotion. Diction is an essential component of Anita Desai’s style of writing, she uses a diverse collection of words to indicate the precise feeling that the protagonist is experiencing. For example, in the line â€Å"†¦rest of them standing and peering in†¦Ã¢â‚¬  the word â€Å"peering† is accurate as it portrays the â€Å"curiosity† and the â€Å"nosiness† of the brothers and sisters. Another example is in the line â€Å"†¦ snarled at him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The word â€Å"snarled†, in this context, implies that Suno is very irritable and ill-tempered at this moment. The word is precise, and specific, and thus, it makes the line more communicative and expressive. Anita Desai uses imagery as well, at many occasions, in an attempt to invoke vividness and clarity in the story. For example, in the line â€Å"Bag-like women in grey and fawn saris †¦ with their sackcloth backs to the rails† This description of the park is very clear and vivid, it is a description of one instant in the park: it talks about the children falling, the women screaming and the madmen prancing. The description allows the reader to infer many details about the park such as: it is very active, there many people present there, etc. These sorts of descriptions are present all over the story, hence it makes the story more understandable and suggestive. Desai also uses imagery to elaborate on one point, for example, the description â€Å"The afternoons would be quiet†¦bazaars and slums† This paragraph talks about the serenity and tranquillity present in the park in the afternoons, and early evenings. Anita Desai stresses on this point with help of various images. The use of imagery and diction has been used extensively in the story. However it is most effective, when the protagonist experiences the vision, in which he realises the importance of the aspects of life. The line â€Å"Just then she lifted her veil†¦Divine, I felt, or insane† indicates a new revelation that takes place in Suno’s mind, and with the use of imagery Anita Desai is able to depict this more vividly. During this phase, Desai uses many similes to describe the lady in the epiphany, and hence depict the new revelation. For example, in the line â€Å"†¦her borkha, like a flower†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This line compares the lady’s face to a â€Å"wax-white†, lifeless flower that shows importance of health in life. ‘Studies in the Park’ is very communicative and expressive; there are various descriptions and accurate diction that are essential components in the story. These have made the story more understandable and comprehensible, thus the central theme and message of the story has been portrayed competently. Anita Desai’s descriptive writing style is extremely graphic and illustrative: it focuses mainly on descriptions, images and precise diction to portray a particular point. Thus she has been able to depict the importance of everything in life: health, religion, family and love.

Plastic Surgery is the Way to Become a Better Individual Research Paper

Plastic Surgery is the Way to Become a Better Individual - Research Paper Example Now, an individual can actually alter or enhance almost any part of his body whenever he wants or needs to. So, having plastic surgery is worth the pain, the risks and the cost if it helps person to become a better individual. People in ancient times were not foreign to plastic surgery. Throughout history, different cultures have one way or another manifested making changes in their physical appearances. Although the procedures were somehow crude, the principle was the same. For example in Egypt, the dead were made to appear as they were when alive so as to be recognized in the afterlife. (DiBacco) In ancient Rome, literature makes reference to Roman surgeons removing scars on the back because it meant a man turned his back during battle or was whipped like a slave or performing breast reduction on a fat man because his big breasts looked ugly. (â€Å"Beautiful Body†) put article titles in quotes The first recorded case of plastic surgery on living individuals was in India whe re people had their noses and ears repaired because they lost these in battle or as a punishment. (â€Å"Beautiful Body†) When surgery was still very new in Europe, Acharya Sudhrut of India had already described surgery procedures and treatment for dislocations and fractures in the book, Sushrut Samhita. (Badri) Eventually, plastic surgery found its way to the western part of the world albeit with slow progress. It was not until World War I that plastic surgery would be on the rise again, with the doctors performing reconstructive surgery on the soldiers. (Kita) Continuous developments in the field of plastic surgery have shaped it into what it is today – an avenue to help individuals feel better about their bodies, whether the purpose for doing so is aesthetic or reconstructive. Plastic surgery can be classified into cosmetic surgery and reconstructive surgery. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, â€Å"reconstructive surgery is performed on abnorma l structures of the body caused by congenital defects, developmental abnormalities, trauma, infection, tumors or disease.† Breast reconstruction or reduction for women who experience back pains because of their breast size; microsurgery or flap procedures to replace body parts affected by injury or diseases like cancer; surgeries for webbed toes or fingers, tumors, etc. (Grayson), appendage replacement, facial surgery (Wiet) and skin grafts are some examples of reconstructive surgery. On the other hand, cosmetic surgery is more often associated with beautification though it has the same beginnings as reconstructive surgery. Eventually, altering an individual’s body part became a need in an attempt to purge society of deformities. (Essig) There are a number of cosmetic procedures â€Å"to achieve the look that the patient wants.† (Plastic) Some require going under the knife while some are non-surgical. The most popular ones include laser hair removal, laser surger y, BOTOX and breast implants. (Plastic) Plastic surgery has become so common in the world today that the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery were able to list the top 25 countries for plastic surgery. The United States, China, Brazil, India, Mexico, Japan, South Korea, Germany, Turkey and Spain ranked among the highest. (Top 25) Individuals who undergo plastic surgery usually give two reasons: to move up the corporate ladder or get a job or to feel better

Sexual Exploitation by Child Molesters Coursework

Sexual Exploitation by Child Molesters - Coursework Example This is very significant because in most of the cases, relatives of children or family friends, rather than strangers, are the perpetrators of such molestations. Thus, basically, there exists the need for a system to create awareness in parents as well as children about different ways and means in which child molesters win the trust of children and then groom them, to subsequently establish sexual relationship with them. On the other hand, the parents of victimized children undergo a lot of mental agony and, more often than not, become subjects of social stigma. They also need intervention to help them overcome the trauma and associated difficulties in dealing with the problems. Besides, such parents will also require intervention in â€Å"addressing their children’s behavior difficulties† (Lev-Wiesel, 2008, p.667). In this context, an essential intervention is to provide them training in â€Å"child behavior management strategies† as well as appropriate communic ation techniques so that possibilities can be developed for creating â€Å"opportunities for therapeutic discussions regarding the abuse† (p.667).